National Association of Wetland Managers
Protecting the Nation's Wetlands

NAWM

The National Association of Wetland Managers is a nonprofit membership organization established in 1983 to promote and enhance protection and management of wetland resources, to promote application of sound science to wetland management efforts and to provide training and education for our members and the public. Membership is open to anyone who is involved with wetland resources.

Mapping Publications

Mapping Publications

Legal Issues in Upgrading Flood Maps to Reflect Climate Change, Other Changed Conditions
By Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Legal Issues in Upgrading Flood Maps to Reflect Climate Change, Other Changed Conditions
By Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

A New Mapping Standard
By Jane Awl, ASWM; Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc.; Margarete Heber, U.S. EPA and Bill Wilen, USFWS (12/2009)

A New Mapping Standard
By Jane Awl, ASWM; Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc.; Margarete Heber, U.S. EPA and Bill Wilen, USFWS (12/2009)

Mapping Coalitions (see page 2)
By Jeanne Christie and Leah Stetson, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (12/2009)

Mapping Coalitions (see page 2)
By Jeanne Christie and Leah Stetson, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (12/2009)

Common Questions: Wetland Definition, Delineation, and Mapping
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/06/2006)

Common Questions: Wetland Definition, Delineation, and Mapping
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/06/2006)

Climate Change Publications

Climate Change Publications

Strategies and an Action Plan for Protecting and Restoring Wetland and Floodplain Functions
By Mark Biddle, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control; David Fowler, Association of State Floodplain Managers; Andrew Robertson, Saint Mary's University of Minnesota; Del Schwalls, Schwalls Consulting LLC; Eileen Shader, American Rivers; and Marla Stelk, National Association of Wetland Managers, (January 2023)

Government Liability and Climate Change: Selected Issues for Wetland and Floodplain Managers
by Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Government Liability and Climate Change: Selected Issues for Wetland and Floodplain Managers
by Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Legal Issues in Upgrading Flood Maps to Reflect Climate Change, Other Changed Conditions
By Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Legal Issues in Upgrading Flood Maps to Reflect Climate Change, Other Changed Conditions
By Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Wetlands and Climate Change: Considerations for Wetland Program Managers
Association of State Wetland Managers (July 2015)

Wetlands and Climate Change: Considerations for Wetland Program Managers
Association of State Wetland Managers (July 2015)

Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Coastal & Inland Wetlands in the State of Michigan
By Jeanne Christie and Peg Bostwick – Association of State Wetland Managers (September 2012)

Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Coastal & Inland Wetlands in the State of Michigan
By Jeanne Christie and Peg Bostwick – Association of State Wetland Managers (September 2012)

State Wetland Climate Change Adaptation Summaries (2010)

State Wetland Climate Change Adaptation Summaries (2010)

Wetlands and Natural Hazards
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (January 2009)

Wetlands and Natural Hazards
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (January 2009))

Recommendations for a National Wetlands and Climate Change Initiative(2008)

Recommendations for a National Wetlands and Climate Change Initiative(2008)

Wetlands & Climate Change Management Options
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2007)

Wetlands & Climate Change Management Options
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2007)

Common Questions: Wetland, Climate Change, and Carbon Sequestering
By Jon Kusler,, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (June 2006)

Common Questions: Wetland, Climate Change, and Carbon Sequestering
By Jon Kusler,, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (June 2006)

Water Quality Standards for Wetlands Publications

Local Government Publications

Government Liability for Flood Hazards
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc., (May 2017)

Case Studies of Local Coastal Wetland Protections
By Portia Osborne, Project Manager and Marla Stelk, Executive Director, National Association of Wetland Managers, Inc. (04/2024)

Government Liability for Flood Hazards
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc., (May 2017)

Urban Wetlands Protection and Restoration Guide
By William Dooley and Marla Stelk, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc., (2021)

Government Liability for Flood Hazards
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc., (May 2017)

Government Liability for Flood Hazards
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc., (May 2017)

Model "Riparian" Protection Ordinance
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (3/2016)

Model "Riparian" Protection Ordinance
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (3/2016)

Model Ordinances for Regulating Wetlands and Riparian Habitats/Stream Buffers
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (12/2009)

Model Ordinances for Regulating Wetlands and Riparian Habitats/Stream Buffers
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (12/2009)

Protecting and Restoring Wetlands: Strengthening the Role of Local Governments
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/15/2007)

Protecting and Restoring Wetlands: Strengthening the Role of Local Governments
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/15/2007)

Common Questions: Establishing Local Government Wetlands and Watershed Management Programs
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Establishing Local Government Wetlands and Watershed Management Programs
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Local Government Wetland Protection Programs
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Local Government Wetland Protection Programs
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

A Guide for Local Governments: Wetlands and Watershed Management
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D. et al., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/1/2003)

A Guide for Local Governments: Wetlands and Watershed Management
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D. et al., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/1/2003)

Water Quality Standards for Wetlands Publications

Legal and Legislative Issues Publications

ASWM Insights on the Final WOTUS Rule: The 2020 Navigable Waters Protection Rule (2020)

ASWM Insights on the Final WOTUS Rule: The 2020 Navigable Waters Protection Rule (2020)

Government Liability and Climate Change: Selected Issues for Wetland and Floodplain Managers
By Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Government Liability and Climate Change: Selected Issues for Wetland and Floodplain Managers
By Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Legal Issues in Upgrading Flood Maps to Reflect Climate Change, Other Changed Conditions
By Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Legal Issues in Upgrading Flood Maps to Reflect Climate Change, Other Changed Conditions
By Jon Kusler, Esq. Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (April 2016)

Implications to Floodplains and Wetland Managers of Arkansas Game and Fish Commission v. United States
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers – December 2012

Implications to Floodplains and Wetland Managers of Arkansas Game and Fish Commission v. United States
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers – December 2012

"Significant Nexus" and Clean Water Act Jurisdiction
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Pat Parenteau, Esq., Edward A. Thomas, Esq. (3/5/2007)

"Significant Nexus" and Clean Water Act Jurisdiction
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Pat Parenteau, Esq., Edward A. Thomas, Esq. (3/5/2007)

Recommended Actions to Clarify Clean Water Act Jurisdiction Following Issuance of the Consolidated Decision, Rapanos v. U.S. 126 S. Ct. 2208 (S.Ct. 2006) (3/5/2007)

Recommended Actions to Clarify Clean Water Act Jurisdiction Following Issuance of the Consolidated Decision, Rapanos v. U.S. 126 S. Ct. 2208 (S.Ct. 2006) (3/5/2007)

Discussion Paper Rapanos V. United States: "Significant Nexus" and Waters Subject to the Clean Water Act Jurisdiction
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. and Pat Parenteau, Esq., Vermont Law School (9/2006)

Discussion Paper Rapanos V. United States: "Significant Nexus" and Waters Subject to the Clean Water Act Jurisdiction
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. and Pat Parenteau, Esq., Vermont Law School (9/2006)

Common Legal Questions: Landowner Liability for Draining or Filling Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Legal Questions: Landowner Liability for Draining or Filling Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: The SWANCC Decision; Role of the States in Filling the Gaps
By Jon Kusler and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: The SWANCC Decision; Role of the States in Filling the Gaps
By Jon Kusler and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Wetland Assessment Methods and the Courts
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Wetland Assessment Methods and the Courts
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Legal Questions: Wetland Regulations
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Legal Questions: Wetland Regulations
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Legal Questions: Wetland Regulations: Avoiding Legal Problems; Winning Legal Challenges
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Legal Questions: Wetland Regulations: Avoiding Legal Problems; Winning Legal Challenges
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

"Waters of the U.S." After SWANCC
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/6/2005)

"Waters of the U.S." After SWANCC
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/6/2005)

Status and Trends; Avoiding Legal Problems: State and Local Wetland Regulations in the Courts
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (Draft 11/01/2004)

Status and Trends; Avoiding Legal Problems: State and Local Wetland Regulations in the Courts
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (Draft 11/01/2004)

The SWANCC Decision: State Regulation of Wetlands to Fill the Gap
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (Revised 3/04/2004)

The SWANCC Decision: State Regulation of Wetlands to Fill the Gap
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (Revised 3/04/2004)

Position Paper on Clean Water Act Jurisdiction Determinations Pursuant to the Supreme Court’s January 9, 2001 Decision, Solid Waste of Northern Cook County v. United States Army Corps of Engineers (SWANCC)
Prepared by Patrick Parenteau, Vermont Law School. (December 2001)

Position Paper on Clean Water Act Jurisdiction Determinations Pursuant to the Supreme Court’s January 9, 2001 Decision, Solid Waste of Northern Cook County v. United States Army Corps of Engineers (SWANCC)
Prepared by Patrick Parenteau, Vermont Law School. (December 2001)

The SWANCC Decision and State Regulation of Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Esq. for the Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (June 2001)

The SWANCC Decision and State Regulation of Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Esq. for the Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (June 2001)

Model State Wetland Statute to Close the Gap Created by SWANCC
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2/22/2001)

Model State Wetland Statute to Close the Gap Created by SWANCC
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2/22/2001)

State and Regulatory Publications

State and Regulatory Publications

Status and Trends Report of State Wetland Programs in the United States
By Brenda Zollitsch, PhD and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/15)

ASWM Wetland Communications Case Studies Project Report
By Brenda Zollitsch, ASWM Policy Analyst and Marla Stelk, ASWM Policy Analyst (7/2017)

Status and Trends Report of State Wetland Programs in the United States
By Brenda Zollitsch, PhD and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/15)

Status and Trends Report of State Wetland Programs in the United States
By Brenda Zollitsch, PhD and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/15)

State Definitions, Jurisdiction and Mitigation Requirements for Ephemeral, Intermittent and Perennial Streams
By Brenda Zollitsch, PhD and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (04/2014)

State Definitions, Jurisdiction and Mitigation Requirements for Ephemeral, Intermittent and Perennial Streams
By Brenda Zollitsch, PhD and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (04/2014)

Wetland Program Plans Handbook
By Peg Bostwick, Brenda Zollitsch, Jeanne Christie and Leah Stetson, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (9/2014)

Wetland Program Plans Handbook
By Peg Bostwick, Brenda Zollitsch, Jeanne Christie and Leah Stetson, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (9/2014)

Section 401 Certification Best Practices in Dredge and Fill Permit Programs
By Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (1/2012)

Section 401 Certification Best Practices in Dredge and Fill Permit Programs
By Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (1/2012)

CWA Section 404 Program Assumption: A Handbook for States and Tribes
By Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. & ECOS (8/2011)

CWA Section 404 Program Assumption: A Handbook for States and Tribes
By Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. & ECOS (8/2011)

401 Certification Case Studies
By Shelley Hodges and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (3/2011)

401 Certification Case Studies
By Shelley Hodges and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (3/2011)

Expanding the State's Role in Implementing CWA § 404 Assumption
By Leah Stetson, with an introduction by Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (11/2010)

Expanding the State's Role in Implementing CWA § 404 Assumption
By Leah Stetson, with an introduction by Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (11/2010)

Common Questions: State Wetland Regulatory Programs
By Jon Kusler and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: State Wetland Regulatory Programs
By Jon Kusler and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2006)

Common Questions: Wetland Guidance for Engineers
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Wetland Guidance for Engineers
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2006)

Web-based Update of State Wetland Regulations. Status and Emerging Trends
(2005)

Web-based Update of State Wetland Regulations. Status and Emerging Trends
(2005)

Addressing the Gaps: A Federal, State, Tribal and Local Partnership for Wetland Regulation
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/1/2004)

Addressing the Gaps: A Federal, State, Tribal and Local Partnership for Wetland Regulation
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (10/2004)

Wetlands Outreach: Getting the Message Out: New Techniques and New Partners for the Millennium
By Jeanne Christie, Executive Director, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2001)

Wetlands Outreach: Getting the Message Out: New Techniques and New Partners for the Millennium
By Jeanne Christie, Executive Director, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2001)

Wetlands Outreach: Getting the Message Out: New Techniques and New Partners for the Millennium
By Jeanne Christie, Executive Director, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2001)

The SWANCC Decision and State Regulation of Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Esq. for the Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2001)

Wetlands Outreach: Getting the Message Out: New Techniques and New Partners for the Millennium
By Jeanne Christie, Executive Director, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2001)

Model State Wetland Statute to Close the Gap Created by SWANCC
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (2/2001)

NAWM Publciations

Wetland Science

Climate Change

Restoration

State and Regulatory

Water Quality Standards for Wetlands

Floods and Liability Issues

Local Government

Legal and Legislative Issues

Dredge & Fill

Land Trusts

ASWM Dredge & Fill Publications

Dredge & Fill Publications

Common Questions: Wetland Guidance for Engineers
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Wetland Guidance for Engineers
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Water Quality Standards for Wetlands Publications

Water Quality Standards for Wetlands Publications

Wetland Water Quality Standards for States
By Jon Kuser, Esq., Ph.D. and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (8/2012)

Wetland Water Quality Standards for States
By Jon Kuser, Esq., Ph.D. and Jeanne Christie, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (8/2012)

Section 401 Certification Best Practices in Dredge and Fill Permit Programs
By ASWM (1/2012)

Section 401 Certification Best Practices in Dredge and Fill Permit Programs
By ASWM (1/2012)

A Discussion Paper on Developing State Water Quality Standards for Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2011)

A Discussion Paper on Developing State Water Quality Standards for Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2011)

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs) and Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2011)

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs) and Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2011)

How Wetlands Differ From Traditional Waters; What this Means to Wetland Water Quality Standards
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2011)

How Wetlands Differ From Traditional Waters; What this Means to Wetland Water Quality Standards
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2011)

Implications and Management Options for Wetlands that Fail to Meet "Designated Use" Criteria
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2011)

Implications and Management Options for Wetlands that Fail to Meet "Designated Use" Criteria
By Jon Kusler, Esq., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/2011)

ASWM Assessment Publications

Assessment Publications

Uses of Wetland Monitoring and Assessment: Considerations for State and Tribal Programs
Association of State Wetland Managers (6/2015)

Federal Landscape Scale Wetland Functional Assessment Workshop: Summary Report
Association of State Wetland Managers (5/2021)

Uses of Wetland Monitoring and Assessment: Considerations for State and Tribal Programs
Association of State Wetland Managers (6/2015)

Uses of Wetland Monitoring and Assessment: Considerations for State and Tribal Programs
Association of State Wetland Managers (6/2015)

Common Questions: Wetland Assessment
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Wetland Assessment
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Definition of the Terms Wetland "Function" and "Value"
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Definition of the Terms Wetland "Function" and "Value"
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Recommendation of Reconciling Wetlands Assessment Techniques
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (4/2006)

Recommendation of Reconciling Wetlands Assessment Techniques
By Jon Kusler, Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (4/2006)

Wetland Assessment for Regulatory Purposes: Report Series
By Jon A. Kusler, Esq., Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (9/2004) (Please click on title to view in PDF)

Wetland Assessment for Regulatory Purposes: Report Series
By Jon A. Kusler, Esq., Ph.D., Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (9/2004) (Please click on title to view in PDF)

Final Report 1: Assessing Functions and Values [PDF]

Final Report 1: Assessing Functions and Values [PDF]

Final Report 2: Wetland Assessment in the Courts [PDF]

Final Report 2: Wetland Assessment in the Courts [PDF]

Final Report 3: Integrating Wetland Assessment into Regulatory Permitting [PDF]

Final Report 3: Integrating Wetland Assessment into Regulatory Permitting [PDF]

Water Quality Standards for Wetlands Publications

Land Trusts Publications

Protecting and Restoring Wetlands: A Guide for Land Trusts
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (Updated on 1/15/2009)

Protecting and Restoring Wetlands: A Guide for Land Trusts
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (Updated on 1/15/2009)

Protecting and Restoring Wetlands: Strengthening the Role of Local Governments
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/15/2007)

Protecting and Restoring Wetlands: Strengthening the Role of Local Governments
By Jon A. Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/15/2007)

Common Questions: Land Trusts and the Protection/Restoration of Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Land Trusts and the Protection/Restoration of Wetlands
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Constructing Wetland Boardwalks and Trails
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

Common Questions: Constructing Wetland Boardwalks and Trails
By Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (6/26/2006)

NAWM Webinars/Conference Schedule

Publications

ASWM Publications The Association conducts research and publishes reports, guidebooks, news articles, brochures, white papers, and summaries of findings of symposia and workshops. These are available electronically to all interested individuals and organizations.

New Features & Publications 2014-2015

Latest News

About NAWM

Doing Business with NAWM

NAWM Members

NAWM Publications

Volunteer

NAWM's Insider's Edition

Wetland Newsletter

Page 16 of 17

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17